Continine

"Ms. Dunda rules Amaris drools."

Amaris Romero, Alissa DiBartolomeo, and Briana Stroman

= **//__Serum Cotinine__//** =

__//**Abstract:**//__ Serum Cotinine is the chemical our group will be studying. “ Serum cotinine is basically a chemical that is made from nicotine. Nicotine is found in a cigarette. Cotinine is used so that we can detect how much cigarette smoke has entered a human body. Cotinine measurements are determined by levels, but only can be detected by blood, urine, and saliva. Cotinine is used to tell the difference between those who smoke and those who do not smoke also to tell how much cigarette smoke has entered the body. Many people smoke today, we are studying this because we want those to be able to understand what is coming for them and those around them. People who do not smoke can also be affected by it because they are inhaling it everyday in the community. This can affect children as well if they live in the environment in which someone smokes. Health can be a major deal in this type of situation. Smoking can cause a lot of problems with your health. A lot of disease came out of smoking and the diseases that can pop up are: Gingival Assessment, Probing Pocket dept, Clinical Attachment Level, and Bone Crest height. Cotinine is mostly found in people who do not smoke they inhale it into their system. Kids who live with those who smoke definitely have cotinine in their system. These reasons bring up the “Clean Indoor Laws.” Economic affects mainly those who do smoke rather then those who do not. It has more an affect on smokers. Smokers have a greater risk at getting ill or die. The environment takes in all the smoke that current smokers smoke and that leads to air pollution. This causes bad health for the people. African Americans have higher levels of cotinine then whites and Mexican Americans. African Americans have a harder time trying to quit then any other race. African Americans and other races of course have different cotinine levels. Cotinine can affect a pregnant lady/women. It can affect the child she is carrying and it can affect the baby’s weight it can affect the baby’s health. We think that Serum cotinine is really affecting everyone around us and us. It has a big affect on the world and the environment definitely. Cotinine is nicotine; nicotine is an “active constituent of tobacco” this is therefore harming people’s health. Health in the future and health now can really affect someone and those around. We suggest that they should use serum cotinine in the things that are important and that are useful. Cigarettes aren’t as important and it’s not helping out with the health situations it’s just making it worst for us the world and the people. Nicotine can also kill people; it can cause the death of smokers because the amount of nicotine that is inside of cigarettes.

Cotinine is use to tell the difference between smokers and non-smokers. Cotinine has recently been found in water. This can be a good chemical because it helps detect smoke in the human body. Cotinine is found in China, Brazil, Mexico and Poland because it is a nicotine intake study.
 * //__Background:__//**


 * //__Chemistry:__//**

Cotinine is nicotine and nicotine is found in plants. It’s a part of dry tobacco. Nicotine used to be used as a insect killer. “Cigarettes have 1.5 nicotine by weight, which is producing 1-2 mg of bio-available nicotine per cigarette. Up to 90% of the nicotine delivered in tobacco smoke is absorbed rapidly from lungs into the blood stream. Once its absorbed, nicotine has a half-life in blood plasma of several hours.” Cotinine is mainly measured in serum, urine, saliva, and hair. “Nonsmokers exposed to typical levels for ETS have serum cotinine levels of less than 1 ng/mL with heavy exposure to ETS producing levels in the 1-10 ng/mL range. Active smokers almost always have levels higher than 10 ng/mL and sometimes higher than 500 ng/mL.//”//

Smoking Tobacco can lead some types of cancer, emphysema, acute respiratory illness, cardiovascular disease, stroke, and other disorders. Secondhand tobacco smoke has bad heath effects that are lung cancer and coronary heart disease, and women that smoke during pregnancy results in lower birth weight. Children exposed to secondhand tobacco smoke are at high risk for sudden infant death syndrome, acute respiratory infections, ear problems, and exacerbated asthma. Tobacco smoke heat/flame has 250 chemicals that are toxic or carcinogenic.
 * //__Human Health implications:__//**

Cotinine chemical reacts with the environment because it is created in a lot of environmental plants and people in the environment use it. When cotinine chemical treats the body with disrespect it can cause the stomach to get upsets, nausea, unnatural blood. Cotinine takes over 10 days to get rid of. “Cotinine is disposed by absorbing it in vermiculite, dry sand, earth or a similar material and disposing in a secured area.” If cotinine were banned, it would be a very good thing because therefore smokers wouldn’t be able to smoke because Continine contains the nicotine. If cotinine were banned we would not have tobacco, cigarettes, gum and skin patches. The countries that export the chemical are Crete, and Greece. To ban this chemical it would have to become illegal. Banning it would have its advantages and its disadvantages
 * //__Environmental/Economical/Political implications:__//**

The advantages of this is that cotinine can show us how much smoke has entered the body. This can be cured immediately before any harm comes in the way of health and the environment. Cotinine can lead to big health problems including death and illnesses in the future and today. Cotinine should definitely be banned because of all the issues kids, teenagers, grown-ups, and citizens are facing with their health. Some people can deal with it anymore and end up suffering because they have nothing else they can do.
 * //__Summary:__//**

1. ) Caraballo, R., Giovino, G., & Pechacek, T. (2004). Self-reported cigarette smoking vs. serum cotinine among U.S. adolescents. //Nicotine & Tobacco Research//, //6//(1), 19-25. Retrieved from Advanced PlacementSource database. <!--Additional Information: Persistent link to this record (Permalink): __ http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aqh&AN=12337400&site=ehost-live __
 * //__Citations:__//**

2.) Kaufman, F., & Kharrazi, M. (2002). Estimation of environmental tobacco smoke exposure during pregnancy using a single question on household smokers versus serum cotinine. Journal of Exposure Analysis & Environmental Epidemiology, 12(4), 286. Retrieved from Advanced Placement Source database.

3.) Saddichha, S., & Khess, C. (2010). Prevalence of Tobacco Use among Young Adult Males in India: A Community-Based Epidemiological Study. American Journal of Drug & Alcohol Abuse, 36(1), 73-77. doi:10.3109/00952990903575814. <!--Additional Information: Persistent link to this record (Permalink): http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aqh&AN=47962551&site=ehost-live

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